A person on a 30C day at sea level (pressure affects effects. Why?). At 0 meters, kPa is 101.3, which is 1 atm. At 2000 meters it's 80, which is .0.78 atm. At 20,000 meters it's 5.6 kPa, which is 0.06 atm.
An electric field excites atoms and they lose their ordered structure (breaking bonds between them), so for example anelectric field melts the surface of gold, causing defects (but only the outmost 2-3 atomic layers).
-40 C is -40 F
Heating water (or syrup) before freezing reduces freezing time.
-200 C Moon temperature at night (dark side as cold as -232 C)
-114 C Ethanol alcohol (Everclear) freezes
-60 C Mars average temperature. Mars has a thinner atmosphere (1/6 the pressure of our planet) so heat is not retained, and the surface might be 15 - 20 degrees warmer than five feet above.
-60 fully charged car battery can freeze (empty battery can freeze at 0 C)
-39C mercury melts (the only element that is liquid at standard temperature and pressure conditions besides halogen bromine)
-38 C antifreeze and coolent in vehicles starts to solidify (some coolent freezes at -65C), engine blocks can crack. If it's just water in there cast-iron and aluminum engine castings can crack at -1 C.
-35 C numbness within 15-65 seconds touching non-metallic surfaces (-15 C for metallic surfaces)
-34 butter starts to really freeze (the liquid fat becomes solid fat, but the water component froze at 0C).
-27C Vodka which is 40% alcohol freezes
-21 C old-fashionied ice cream, which uses salt in the mixture to reduce the freezing (hard) temperature. Sugar and alcohol also reduce freezing temperatures. If popsicles have salt or sugar in them, they can melt in the freezer if it's just below 0 C, although the freezer has a tray of ice cubes. A 30% sugar solution freezes at -2, and salt water is about the same (and these frozen materials are softer than pure water frozen).
-20 C cold pain occurs within 5 seconds
-18 C Freezers according to the FDA should be set to this, because it's the ideal point for food to last long-term.
-5 C Popsicles
-0.7 C threshold for pricking pain
0C crystal entropy, water freezes (but could freeze at -5C depending on pressure)
7 C touching something this cool can cause onset of numbness on skin (given some time)
21C room temperature
27C or so, butter melts
35 - 40 C honey (a supersaturated sugar solution comprising 80% dissolved sugars, mainly glucose, fructose and sucrose, but the honey depends (not for temperatures however) on which of our 470,000 flower species the bees visited, which each have their own phytochemicals [colors, flavors, mechanically active compounds and enzymes], and about 20% water, and the brood temperatuer in the hive is about 35 C while the honey inside it is cooler at about 24 - 29 C) is liquid and good, so you can strain it from the comb into a jar (above 40 C and it becomes tacky glue-like material that is difficult to digest. Above 36 or 40 C and it changes chemically and forms some toxic chemicals (the mutagen HMF formed through the Maillard reaction where amino acids and honey react to form this dark colored chemical) and enzymes degrade, and can become bitter tasting. Heating (or storing) for long periods of time can increase the production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), which is toxic in enough quantity. Honey in hot tea is still safe, but baking or cooking raw honey can exceed HMF levels. Ideal storing temperature for honey is 15 - 21 C.
37C normal temperature of the body 98.6F
40.5C (a 105 fever is dangerous)
43.9C skin starts to feel pricking pain (eg hot bathwater) 111F
47.8C skin can technically start to burn
49C max recommended tap water temperature for children
55C concrete sidewalks might be this temperature on a 31C day
52C skin can (full thickness) burn if exposed for 2 minutes 125F
54C if exposed for 30 seconds
55C second degree burns can occur ()
60C blacktop parking lots can be around this temperature at 2pm on a plus-31C day (black metal might be 63 in the same sun, while grass might be 41
60 - 90 C low setting on a stovetop burner (100 - 150 is medium, and 150 - 260 is high. However, electric stovetops can be 500 to 600 C for a small coil and 800 - 900 for a large coil on high setting.
60 PLA's glass transition point (or is it ...)
65C PLA plastic melting point (in FDM printing 180C is used)
72.2C skin is destroyed
82C candle wax melts or returns to solid form (varies, parafin wax has a melting point of 50 - 70C; beeswax 62 - 66; coconut wax 24 - 38. Flashpoint for parafin wax is 200 - 240 C; beeswax 254 - 274 C; coconut wax 177.
Wax candle making. As you melt wax (to make a candle), don't go over 93 C (200F) because it can damage the physical properties of the wax like the color and oil retention. However, usually if you go over and return to 200 it won't matter unless it's for a long time. For palm wax that's 96 C instead, because it has a higher melting temperature than other waxes. As the wax cools and you're stirring it, you add fragrance (for example at 85C and stir for a couple minutes) and then pour the molten wax into molds at 80 C. But if during stirring the temperature went below 85, you might raise the temperature to that point again before pouring.
100C water boils at sealevel (but can boil at 50C depending on pressure)
In fact, with a strong reduction of pressure from normal atmospheric pressure of 1 atm down to 0.00603659 atm (high vacuum), the boiling point of water drops from 100° C all the way down to 0.01° C. At the same time, the freezing point increases slightly from 0° C to 0.01° C
100C concrete's compressive strength weakens as the cement paste dehydrates (weakens paste and paste-aggregate bond). Curing concrete is best at 70 - 80 C and starts not working so great at 90 C. If you pour concrete below freezing, the froze water will expand and cause cracks. Also, at -40 (but not freezing) concrete will take longer to reach requried strength.
100 C microwave max temperatuer for normal use (but solid foods won't usually reach that temperature due to evaporation, and the outer layers wlll remain a lower temperature than the internal temperatures, although the food is heated from the outside layers first and the heat (or at least electric energy) works its way in). Yet demos have shown reaching the paper flashoint of 233.
105C ABS plastic melting point (in FDM printing, 230C is used)
174C alcohol evaporates
200C temperature of the moon in the sun
210C diesel combusts
220C kerosene combusts
232C tin melts
233C paper combusts
246C petrol combusts
300C wood combusts
327C lead melts (metal with lowest melting point?)
420C Zinc melts
454C coal combusts
572C - 1292C most rocks melt into magma * not sure about this because see 1670C quartz)
At 600 quartz, K-feldspar, Na-plagioclase, micas; at 800 Amphibole, Ca/Na-plagioclase; at 1000 Olivie, pyroxene, Ca-rich plagioclase; 1200 all others
600C most cooking oils combust (toxic dark smoke point at 200C for olive oil to 230C or 260C for other cooking oils, although unrefined oils can have smoke points in the low hundreds)
660C aluminum melts
870C mantle, 2900km below
930C brass melts
961C silver melts
1000C clay (1 alumina molecule and 2 silica [ie silica oxide ie quartz) molecules bonded with 2 molecules of water) becomes a ceramic (clay hardens in the air as water is carried away (even after atmospheric water is gone clay still will have 14% of chemically bonded water by weight, ie lighter but with no physical shrinkage), at water boiling temperature of 100 C water will boil into steam in the clay body and cause it to expand and perhaps explode. As the water all leaves the body will shrink and compact. Clay contains organic materials and sulfur which burn off at 300 and 800 C (if there is poor ventilation and these cannot burn out of the body, carbon coloring will occur and weaken the body), at which temperature the chemically bonded water also escapes, and if this happens too quickly it can cause explosive steam inside the body. Clay begins to glow red at 540 C. Tribal earthenware is fired at about 760 C). AT 900 C the clay particles begin to fuse (it is no longer clay but rather a ceramic). At 1060 C the quartz crystalline structure changes (inverts), a fragile period because the body expands 2% during heating and then loses that 2% when it cools. Clay fired at different temperatures creates different ceramics, maybe soft and porous or maybe hard and impervious. As the clay cools past 220 C cristobalite shrinks (form of silica) and can cause cracks.
1062C gold melts (it boils at 2807 C and evaporates at 2856 C)
1084C Copper metls
1200 - 1250 C glass becomes soft enough to bend (it liquifies at 1400 - 1600 C depending on the glass composition)
1375C Stainless Steel melts (can be as high as 1530 C) (most engines are made for this, along with aluminum parts)
1425 C melting point of Carbon Steel (can be as high as 1540)
1500C possible for every body part to evaporate
1670C Titanium melts
1670C - 1713 Quartz melts (depending on the crystal structure)
1769C Platinum melts
2000 C fine ceramics start to melt or decompose (fine ceramics have a higher tolerance than non-fine)
2800C many silicates (rocks) form a vapor
3200C rocket engine (3500 K) (although the Merlin 1D Vacuum engine reaches 1526C (1800 K)), while rocket engine fuel ie liquid hydrogen is stored at -253C to keep it from evaporating. Rocket engines don't melt because they have small channels in the walls (regenerative cooling) which fuel can be run through in order to keep them cool. Metal rocket engines are made from superalloys based on nickel, cobalt and iron-nickel (toughness plus temperature ranges from -252C to 1100C), but rocket motors are made also from graphite-epoxy (4-5x lighter than metals). Rocket nozzles are made from columbium or niobium. Rockets are made from all kinds of metals, from chromium copper (can withstand the 3000C bursts during launch), titanium and silver.
3400 C Tungsten melts
3600C magnesium oxide will boil
5430 C inner core of our planet
5600 C Sun's surface
100 million K fusion between Hydrogen atoms
-114 C Ethanol alcohol (Everclear) freezes
-60 C Mars average temperature. Mars has a thinner atmosphere (1/6 the pressure of our planet) so heat is not retained, and the surface might be 15 - 20 degrees warmer than five feet above.
-60 fully charged car battery can freeze (empty battery can freeze at 0 C)
-39C mercury melts (the only element that is liquid at standard temperature and pressure conditions besides halogen bromine)
-38 C antifreeze and coolent in vehicles starts to solidify (some coolent freezes at -65C), engine blocks can crack. If it's just water in there cast-iron and aluminum engine castings can crack at -1 C.
-35 C numbness within 15-65 seconds touching non-metallic surfaces (-15 C for metallic surfaces)
-34 butter starts to really freeze (the liquid fat becomes solid fat, but the water component froze at 0C).
-27C Vodka which is 40% alcohol freezes
-21 C old-fashionied ice cream, which uses salt in the mixture to reduce the freezing (hard) temperature. Sugar and alcohol also reduce freezing temperatures. If popsicles have salt or sugar in them, they can melt in the freezer if it's just below 0 C, although the freezer has a tray of ice cubes. A 30% sugar solution freezes at -2, and salt water is about the same (and these frozen materials are softer than pure water frozen).
-20 C cold pain occurs within 5 seconds
-18 C Freezers according to the FDA should be set to this, because it's the ideal point for food to last long-term.
-5 C Popsicles
-0.7 C threshold for pricking pain
0C crystal entropy, water freezes (but could freeze at -5C depending on pressure)
7 C touching something this cool can cause onset of numbness on skin (given some time)
21C room temperature
27C or so, butter melts
35 - 40 C honey (a supersaturated sugar solution comprising 80% dissolved sugars, mainly glucose, fructose and sucrose, but the honey depends (not for temperatures however) on which of our 470,000 flower species the bees visited, which each have their own phytochemicals [colors, flavors, mechanically active compounds and enzymes], and about 20% water, and the brood temperatuer in the hive is about 35 C while the honey inside it is cooler at about 24 - 29 C) is liquid and good, so you can strain it from the comb into a jar (above 40 C and it becomes tacky glue-like material that is difficult to digest. Above 36 or 40 C and it changes chemically and forms some toxic chemicals (the mutagen HMF formed through the Maillard reaction where amino acids and honey react to form this dark colored chemical) and enzymes degrade, and can become bitter tasting. Heating (or storing) for long periods of time can increase the production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), which is toxic in enough quantity. Honey in hot tea is still safe, but baking or cooking raw honey can exceed HMF levels. Ideal storing temperature for honey is 15 - 21 C.
37C normal temperature of the body 98.6F
40.5C (a 105 fever is dangerous)
43.9C skin starts to feel pricking pain (eg hot bathwater) 111F
47.8C skin can technically start to burn
49C max recommended tap water temperature for children
55C concrete sidewalks might be this temperature on a 31C day
52C skin can (full thickness) burn if exposed for 2 minutes 125F
54C if exposed for 30 seconds
55C second degree burns can occur ()
60C blacktop parking lots can be around this temperature at 2pm on a plus-31C day (black metal might be 63 in the same sun, while grass might be 41
60 - 90 C low setting on a stovetop burner (100 - 150 is medium, and 150 - 260 is high. However, electric stovetops can be 500 to 600 C for a small coil and 800 - 900 for a large coil on high setting.
60 PLA's glass transition point (or is it ...)
65C PLA plastic melting point (in FDM printing 180C is used)
72.2C skin is destroyed
82C candle wax melts or returns to solid form (varies, parafin wax has a melting point of 50 - 70C; beeswax 62 - 66; coconut wax 24 - 38. Flashpoint for parafin wax is 200 - 240 C; beeswax 254 - 274 C; coconut wax 177.
Wax candle making. As you melt wax (to make a candle), don't go over 93 C (200F) because it can damage the physical properties of the wax like the color and oil retention. However, usually if you go over and return to 200 it won't matter unless it's for a long time. For palm wax that's 96 C instead, because it has a higher melting temperature than other waxes. As the wax cools and you're stirring it, you add fragrance (for example at 85C and stir for a couple minutes) and then pour the molten wax into molds at 80 C. But if during stirring the temperature went below 85, you might raise the temperature to that point again before pouring.
100C water boils at sealevel (but can boil at 50C depending on pressure)
In fact, with a strong reduction of pressure from normal atmospheric pressure of 1 atm down to 0.00603659 atm (high vacuum), the boiling point of water drops from 100° C all the way down to 0.01° C. At the same time, the freezing point increases slightly from 0° C to 0.01° C
100C concrete's compressive strength weakens as the cement paste dehydrates (weakens paste and paste-aggregate bond). Curing concrete is best at 70 - 80 C and starts not working so great at 90 C. If you pour concrete below freezing, the froze water will expand and cause cracks. Also, at -40 (but not freezing) concrete will take longer to reach requried strength.
100 C microwave max temperatuer for normal use (but solid foods won't usually reach that temperature due to evaporation, and the outer layers wlll remain a lower temperature than the internal temperatures, although the food is heated from the outside layers first and the heat (or at least electric energy) works its way in). Yet demos have shown reaching the paper flashoint of 233.
105C ABS plastic melting point (in FDM printing, 230C is used)
174C alcohol evaporates
200C temperature of the moon in the sun
210C diesel combusts
220C kerosene combusts
232C tin melts
233C paper combusts
246C petrol combusts
300C wood combusts
327C lead melts (metal with lowest melting point?)
420C Zinc melts
454C coal combusts
572C - 1292C most rocks melt into magma * not sure about this because see 1670C quartz)
At 600 quartz, K-feldspar, Na-plagioclase, micas; at 800 Amphibole, Ca/Na-plagioclase; at 1000 Olivie, pyroxene, Ca-rich plagioclase; 1200 all others
600C most cooking oils combust (toxic dark smoke point at 200C for olive oil to 230C or 260C for other cooking oils, although unrefined oils can have smoke points in the low hundreds)
660C aluminum melts
870C mantle, 2900km below
930C brass melts
961C silver melts
1000C clay (1 alumina molecule and 2 silica [ie silica oxide ie quartz) molecules bonded with 2 molecules of water) becomes a ceramic (clay hardens in the air as water is carried away (even after atmospheric water is gone clay still will have 14% of chemically bonded water by weight, ie lighter but with no physical shrinkage), at water boiling temperature of 100 C water will boil into steam in the clay body and cause it to expand and perhaps explode. As the water all leaves the body will shrink and compact. Clay contains organic materials and sulfur which burn off at 300 and 800 C (if there is poor ventilation and these cannot burn out of the body, carbon coloring will occur and weaken the body), at which temperature the chemically bonded water also escapes, and if this happens too quickly it can cause explosive steam inside the body. Clay begins to glow red at 540 C. Tribal earthenware is fired at about 760 C). AT 900 C the clay particles begin to fuse (it is no longer clay but rather a ceramic). At 1060 C the quartz crystalline structure changes (inverts), a fragile period because the body expands 2% during heating and then loses that 2% when it cools. Clay fired at different temperatures creates different ceramics, maybe soft and porous or maybe hard and impervious. As the clay cools past 220 C cristobalite shrinks (form of silica) and can cause cracks.
1062C gold melts (it boils at 2807 C and evaporates at 2856 C)
1084C Copper metls
1200 - 1250 C glass becomes soft enough to bend (it liquifies at 1400 - 1600 C depending on the glass composition)
1375C Stainless Steel melts (can be as high as 1530 C) (most engines are made for this, along with aluminum parts)
1425 C melting point of Carbon Steel (can be as high as 1540)
1500C possible for every body part to evaporate
1670C Titanium melts
1670C - 1713 Quartz melts (depending on the crystal structure)
1769C Platinum melts
2000 C fine ceramics start to melt or decompose (fine ceramics have a higher tolerance than non-fine)
2800C many silicates (rocks) form a vapor
3200C rocket engine (3500 K) (although the Merlin 1D Vacuum engine reaches 1526C (1800 K)), while rocket engine fuel ie liquid hydrogen is stored at -253C to keep it from evaporating. Rocket engines don't melt because they have small channels in the walls (regenerative cooling) which fuel can be run through in order to keep them cool. Metal rocket engines are made from superalloys based on nickel, cobalt and iron-nickel (toughness plus temperature ranges from -252C to 1100C), but rocket motors are made also from graphite-epoxy (4-5x lighter than metals). Rocket nozzles are made from columbium or niobium. Rockets are made from all kinds of metals, from chromium copper (can withstand the 3000C bursts during launch), titanium and silver.
3400 C Tungsten melts
3600C magnesium oxide will boil
5430 C inner core of our planet
5600 C Sun's surface
100 million K fusion between Hydrogen atoms
Suppliment/Refrences (Only admin can write)