welfare of man and nature, for fertility, and above all for rain

whoever took over state power was not only abot to gain wealth, but also to take revenge

kill all male Acholi

avenge

reviled

disarming

torturing

notorious

interned

threatened

unable to control

plundering

not come rapidly

deserted

unrest

healing

cease healing

defeat

unite

negotiated

rebuilding

success enabled her to recruit a large number

solve the dilemma posed by the return of the soldiers: to discipline, reintegrate, and rehabilitate them

insanity, infertility, and many kinds of disease, or death, appetite, weaken, shadow

the enemy's bullet that killed an Acholi was not seen as the real cause of his death.

alien enemy was shifted inward

everyone suspected and tried to harm everyone else

escalate

explanation for deaths

self-limitation took effect

no one could be held responsible

natural disease or divine punishment

interpretations

power struggle

tradition

become alien to those who remained at home

‘impure heart’

brought home the head of a foe ... greeted with the triumphal songs of the women

warrior then received an honorific, the moi name, as a sign of his bravery and his new status

did not want to submit to the ritual (in civil war)

unappeased spirits ... avenge themselves

guilt ... focused on the soldiers ... elders attempted to reconstitute the moral order ... proscriptions, as in precolonial and colonial times, but they were unable to enforce these rules ... refused to comply with the proscriptions

some of the elders also entertained doubts about the efficacy of the ‘tradition’

no longer know whom one had killed; this rendered the ritual obsolete

kill in a way that excluded heroism

‘period of singularity’

failed

to obtain recognition and to establish ... dissolve the vicious cycle

a site

recognized in the story

transformed into a promise

chosen people

the war economy has become an essential part of the Western world's economy as such and has thus altered the relationship between war and politics

the point where it is no longer possible to imagine a political goal commensurate with the potential for annihilation. The perfection of the means of violence ...

sales

obsolete weapons

contributed to an increase in wars ?

structures of a supposedly static society

seen as a disturbance

ideology of the guerrillas

depoliticization

attack ... women, cattle ... retaliatory

embedded in the history of attack and counterattack, a war could almost always be legitimated and turned into a ‘just war’ by declaring it a retaliatory measure

raiding ... escalation ... dry season ... ambitious men ... went to war without the permission of the chief, seeking to avenge the murder ...

limits

weapons

rifles ... richer ones could ... guarantee not necesarily

responsibility or rwot, the chief, to mobilie the men ... alliances

priests ... welfare of the people ... riches ... the joks power to kill did not really contradict his power to guarantee the welfare of the chiefdom

shrine

blessed

sued for peace ... ritual ... interpreted

returned home after killing their enemies ... praise ... elders ... shrine ... impure, sacrificed ... salt ... pacify ... had to sleep in the same room as a girl who had not yet menstruated, with the door open ... terminte hill and termintes placed on his right upper arm and bitten him ... title of a killer, the moi name ... girl who was also bitten by termites received also received the honorific moi name ... both considered pure ... ran back to ancestral shrine ... community ate and drank, songs of praise ... a male ajwaka who had already received the moi name carried out the ritual activities (p 42)

a young girl was symbolically given to the warrior as a wife, remained 3 or 4 nights .. the path ... whistle, shouted the names of the dead person, and called on his spirit to come to the ancestral shrine ... sacrificed a sheep ... distributed ... big game

slave traders ... rifles ... victims of the slave hunts ... eventually become hunters themselves

‘pacification’ and demilitarization ... WWII

Alice purified the first 150 soldiers and made them holy

charms ... water ... prayed ... spit ... absorbed ... killed

figures from clay ... tree ... prayed ... silence ... each initiate

the clay figures were run through with blades of grass ... scratched

river ... communion ... medicine ... strength and courage

unified a wealth of elements ... various Christian rites

weapons ... eliminate the cen

Alice was able to do what the elders could not: to purify the soldiers of evil, witchcraft, and above all cen.

trusted ... doubted

rejoining the HSMF as spirits ... the war was an ordeal in which the just were separated from the unjust

other regional cults ... establish a new moral order ... Holy Spirit Safety Precautions

priests ... elders ... chief ... cycle ... interpretation ... able

new ... familiar ... learn

solutions

left the Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Lakwena to join the UPDA or Joseph Kony .. strictly .. adultery and fornication ... pregnant

create a ‘new humankind’

rewarded

promised ... 15 children ... car and a pretty house

conflict ... absolute dedication and the limited, finite commandments ... forbidding ... war itself was part of the process of cleanings, not just of the outward enemy, but also within the movement itself

In the face death and defeat, the Holy Spirit Safety Precautions offered a certain security. They also made sufl'ering comprehensible.While the Christian teaching of the New Testament attempts to abstain from explaining misfortune and sufl'ering, since the figure of the just sufferer invalidates every rationalization, Lakwena's thinking clung, if ambiguously, to the law of retribution. Doing evil and suffering evil were directly connected with each other.

army ... partisan .. moral

The fundamental duties of the army are:

1. to provide security of life for the peoples living in Uganda, but not to murder or loot or harrass [sic] others for tribal, party or other reason.
2. Provide security for all the properties of the people living in Uganda, but not destroying, looting or [being] accomplices in these acts.
3. The army has to maintain the integral territory of our nation from external stress.
4. Do any other duty which is in the interest of the nation, fun not in the interest of individual, party, tribe or rehgion.

he ‘mythologized’ the HSM by putting it into a timeless realm. He also resorted to another rhetorical str4t;egy favoured by anthropologists to give a text ‘objectivity’:although he himself took part in the events, he did not wrjte in the first person,but effaced himself from the depiction.

EDUCATION p.51
movement is centered on the Lakwent himself ... minimum educational requirements

senior ... advice

Women's Office ... kitchen ... yard

Chidren ... parents

serve ... reconciliation of the various ethnic groups

seve ... reconcile ... ethnic

Christian ... violence

enemy ... two-edged sword

necessary ... new and better society

byond the gift economy ... better supplies ... envy ... contradictory demands ... Holy Spirit Tactics ... contradicted

They were not to hide behind termite hills, trees, etc ... nor were they to remain silent, but to sing church hymns

hide ... silent

forbidden to kill. Nor were they allwed to aim at the foe; it was the spirits who were to carry the bullets to the enemy and thus decide who among ...

rifles ... half ... allowed to shoot only 2 or 3 times before withdrawing ... blocked

And although Alice fought against witchcraft and sorcery like the Christian missionaries, she introduced a process of re-magification, thus in the end entrenching what she combated.

They had failed because they had not managed to put an end to violence in Acholi and to build a new, better world free of evil.

also believed ... ran away as soon as they heard the Holy Spirit soldiers singing

Every time the HSMF crossed a river on the way to Kampala, it had to be ‘bought’ first

had to purchase mountains and rocks. They offered cowry shells and coins

. In the story of thejourney to Paraa, Alice and her father encountered a lamenting, injured, and unreconciled nature.

reunite nature and society ... chief ... forces of nature

not relaly a guerrilla war like the war of liberation fought in Zimbabwe. The Holy Spirit Mobile Forces did not fight in decentralized, more or less independent groups; rather, Alice and the spirits led a campaign of conquest with an army of some 7000 to 10,000 soldiers.

composition ... character ... changed ... fallen ... disappointment ... ethnic ... social ... peasants, schoolchildren, students, teachers, and business people ... majority for a time

lost about half in various battles

dependent ... Frontline Co-ordination Team

education ... message ... soliciting moral and material support

protocol ... guests ... prisoners of war, visitors, captured war materials ... ceremonies ... battles

donate freely, not through coercion

advanced, a net of relationships ... flow of goods ... skimming off ... predatory economy ... soldiers took food, weapons and women with violence ... effectiveness

beginning ... seldom ... given ... reward

survive ... decision ... When two elephants fight, the grass suffers

further ... hostile ... unity ... new morals ... adopted 4, if not all 20, of the Holy Spirit Safety Precautions ... forbidden to eat oil or honey, kill bees or snakes

charms ... visited ajwaka, spirit mediums ... converted

burial rites ... useless

yards ... delegates ... chief ... centre

transport junctions

priest ... invited

staff ... briefing twice daily

office ... any visitor

court

gifts

visited

NRA attacked Opit and destroyed ... carried stones from the temple of Opit to Arum ... continuity ... no new temple ... person of Alice

healer and spirit medium ... soldiers ... successful ... win over some of the soldiers as followers

speak with ... but not persuaded by her ... He said he trusted his magic charms too much and did not want to burn them as Alice demanded, but allowed 150 soldiers to join her

disputed ... woman ... oppressed

attack

victories ... joined

defeat greatly endangered Alice's claim to power. Doubts ...publicly

many soldiers left and returned home or rejoined the UPDA

notorious

inter-ethnic ... speeches ... equality ... reconciliation ... contradictions ... chosen

bad records in the history of Uganda, but top of the list is the Acholi. “ ”

based

unity and not ethnic

universalistic claim ... transcend ... developed ... own interpretation ... Muslims

no tribal languages, but only Kiswahili or English

alliance ... Southerners ... Bantu languages ... unable to overcome this opposition

quarrel ... old guard

disappointment ... understood ... go wherever

startled ... left ... asked Lawkena to hear them ... they apologized to him and promised to uphold ... greeted them and warned against the effects of tribalism ... reorganization

hard training ... riturals and purification ... they were also freed from the spirits of those they had killed

Opit ... negotiations ... various ... own leadership ... refused to fight under UPDA ... rivalries ... now emerged into the open

Kony ... He claimed to be a cousin of Alice and that the Lakwena had given him the authority to fight against the NRA

rivalry ... discouraged Kony ... healer and doctor ... insulted him ... swore never to fight under the leadership of a woman ... bitter

rivalries ... violent form

protect the civilian population resulted in an increase in donations and in more joining

Medical care

faded ... Lakwena return ... discipline

asking his advice first

Although Alice's power ultimately rested on force, on the power of guns, she nonetheless tried to persuade rather than force her soldiers to do her bidding. This was both her strength and her weakness. Since she tried to legitimate her power and rely on persuasion, she was dependent on success. If she won a battle, she received support, but if she lost, her soldiers ran away. ... wane ... this found a spectrum of expression in the speeches of the spirits, who contradicted their medium more and more frequently. It was also expressed in internal power struggles and in rivalry with Jimmy Opira, the Commander of Forces

Lakwena castigated Alice ... Opira ... the two began to quarrel ... Alice said in private talks that she would prefer Opira's deputy, a certain Alima, who she considered more capable than the current CF. But she agreed to tolerate Opira because Lakwena had chosen him.

unsettling

rewarded ... appointed ... big men ... good position

parade ... march ... night ... barefoot

valiant

hostile ... trust ... failures ... drums ... violence ... populace

prepared ... abandoned ... journalists ... forbidden

wounded ... exhausted ... disappointed and demoralized ... once and for all and deserted ... home

last speech to the remaining soldiers of the HSMF ... She said killing innocent people was an unforgivable sin ... civilian ... power ... if victory

fled ... Kenya

The separation of politics and religeon in Europe developed in connection with the formation of the State and the Church as separate institutions

religious discourses

While B treated me according to the logic of retaliation, A put an end to precisly this mechanism of retaliation by declaring _ the party guilty of the evil and sought to heal me without bewitching an enemy.

She asked for payment (which greatly exceeded the present I had brought along for her) and explained that the NRA soldiers had beaten her so often because Alice was her daughter that she now wanted at least a little money in compensation

possession ... crisis ... illness or insanity

to lead a war against the evil in Uganda

UPDA soldiers had pursued him and shot at Alice, but the bullets bounced off her in a cloud of smoke ... asked Alice to support them

disbanded UNLA

also chosen Alice because she had led a sinful life and he wanted to convert her to a righteous life

power ... helplessness ... growing ... domesticated in a process of mutual recognition ... cost of denying oneself

directed the bullets ... decided ... guilt

Alice monopolized all the spirits

said what Alice could not or would not say herself

soldiers were never really sure

spirits would carry out the killing, guiding the bullets to the enemy. In this way, the HSMF soliders were able to wage war without killing, ie they were able to unite things in themselves contradictory and incompatible

because she was visible

poor leader, who can't wipe
out evils, ...

could still claim to be fighting for labi, a just cause, the successor movements were caught up in the logic of violence and counterviolence and became increasingly unjust.

One fights primarily to get rich, to lead the ‘high life,’ and to take revenge ... arbitrary or coincidental ... changed sides (often after a defeat)

Since current economic conditions ... are turning more and more people into ‘losers,' many see war, esp civil war, as their only possibility ... it has become a system of production and has created a form of life which ‘normalizes’ and banalizes violence and brutality and blurs the ...

no longer willing to engage in peace negotiations ... needs the war

peaceful resistence ... Since the war had become a lucrative business ... officials warned the elders against initiating a peace process ... murdered

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