welfare of man and nature, for fertility, and above all for rain
whoever took over state power was not only abot to gain wealth, but also to take revenge
kill all male Acholi
avenge
reviled
disarming
torturing
notorious
interned
threatened
unable to control
plundering
not come rapidly
deserted
unrest
healing
cease healing
defeat
unite
negotiated
rebuilding
success enabled her to recruit a large number
solve the dilemma posed by the return of the soldiers: to discipline, reintegrate, and rehabilitate them
insanity, infertility, and many kinds of disease, or death, appetite, weaken, shadow
the enemy's bullet that killed an Acholi was not seen as the real cause of his death.
alien enemy was shifted inward
everyone suspected and tried to harm everyone else
escalate
explanation for deaths
self-limitation took effect
no one could be held responsible
natural disease or divine punishment
interpretations
power struggle
tradition
become alien to those who remained at home
‘impure heart’
brought home the head of a foe ... greeted with the triumphal songs of the women
warrior then received an honorific, the moi name, as a sign of his bravery and his new status
did not want to submit to the ritual (in civil war)
unappeased spirits ... avenge themselves
guilt
... focused on the soldiers ... elders attempted to reconstitute the
moral order ... proscriptions, as in precolonial and colonial times, but
they were unable to enforce these rules ... refused to comply with the
proscriptions
some of the elders also entertained doubts about the efficacy of the ‘tradition’
no longer know whom one had killed; this rendered the ritual obsolete
kill in a way that excluded heroism
‘period of singularity’
failed
to obtain recognition and to establish ... dissolve the vicious cycle
a site
recognized in the story
transformed into a promise
chosen people
the
war economy has become an essential part of the Western world's economy
as such and has thus altered the relationship between war and politics
the
point where it is no longer possible to imagine a political goal
commensurate with the potential for annihilation. The perfection of the
means of violence ...
sales
obsolete weapons
contributed to an increase in wars ?
structures of a supposedly static society
seen as a disturbance
ideology of the guerrillas
depoliticization
attack ... women, cattle ... retaliatory
embedded
in the history of attack and counterattack, a war could almost always
be legitimated and turned into a ‘just war’ by declaring it a
retaliatory measure
raiding ... escalation ... dry season ...
ambitious men ... went to war without the permission of the chief,
seeking to avenge the murder ...
limits
weapons
rifles ... richer ones could ... guarantee not necesarily
responsibility or rwot, the chief, to mobilie the men ... alliances
priests
... welfare of the people ... riches ... the joks power to kill did not
really contradict his power to guarantee the welfare of the chiefdom
shrine
blessed
sued for peace ... ritual ... interpreted
returned
home after killing their enemies ... praise ... elders ... shrine ...
impure, sacrificed ... salt ... pacify ... had to sleep in the same room
as a girl who had not yet menstruated, with the door open ... terminte
hill and termintes placed on his right upper arm and bitten him ...
title of a killer, the moi name ... girl who was also bitten by termites
received also received the honorific moi name ... both considered pure
... ran back to ancestral shrine ... community ate and drank, songs of
praise ... a male ajwaka who had already received the moi name carried
out the ritual activities (p 42)
a young girl was symbolically
given to the warrior as a wife, remained 3 or 4 nights .. the path ...
whistle, shouted the names of the dead person, and called on his spirit
to come to the ancestral shrine ... sacrificed a sheep ... distributed
... big game
slave traders ... rifles ... victims of the slave hunts ... eventually become hunters themselves
‘pacification’ and demilitarization ... WWII
Alice purified the first 150 soldiers and made them holy
charms ... water ... prayed ... spit ... absorbed ... killed
figures from clay ... tree ... prayed ... silence ... each initiate
the clay figures were run through with blades of grass ... scratched
river ... communion ... medicine ... strength and courage
unified a wealth of elements ... various Christian rites
weapons ... eliminate the cen
Alice was able to do what the elders could not: to purify the soldiers of evil, witchcraft, and above all cen.
trusted ... doubted
rejoining the HSMF as spirits ... the war was an ordeal in which the just were separated from the unjust
other regional cults ... establish a new moral order ... Holy Spirit Safety Precautions
priests ... elders ... chief ... cycle ... interpretation ... able
new ... familiar ... learn
solutions
left
the Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Lakwena to join the UPDA or Joseph
Kony .. strictly .. adultery and fornication ... pregnant
create a ‘new humankind’
rewarded
promised ... 15 children ... car and a pretty house
conflict
... absolute dedication and the limited, finite commandments ...
forbidding ... war itself was part of the process of cleanings, not just
of the outward enemy, but also within the movement itself
In the
face death and defeat, the Holy Spirit Safety Precautions offered a
certain security. They also made sufl'ering comprehensible.While the
Christian teaching of the New Testament attempts to abstain from
explaining misfortune and sufl'ering, since the figure of the just
sufferer invalidates every rationalization, Lakwena's thinking clung, if
ambiguously, to the law of retribution. Doing evil and suffering evil
were directly connected with each other.
army ... partisan .. moral
The fundamental duties of the army are:
1.
to provide security of life for the peoples living in Uganda, but not
to murder or loot or harrass [sic] others for tribal, party or other
reason.
2. Provide security for all the properties of the people
living in Uganda, but not destroying, looting or [being] accomplices in
these acts.
3. The army has to maintain the integral territory of our nation from external stress.
4. Do any other duty which is in the interest of the nation, fun not in the interest of individual, party, tribe or rehgion.
he
‘mythologized’ the HSM by putting it into a timeless realm. He also
resorted to another rhetorical str4t;egy favoured by anthropologists to
give a text ‘objectivity’:although he himself took part in the events,
he did not wrjte in the first person,but effaced himself from the
depiction.
EDUCATION p.51
movement is centered on the Lakwent himself ... minimum educational requirements
senior ... advice
Women's Office ... kitchen ... yard
Chidren ... parents
serve ... reconciliation of the various ethnic groups
seve ... reconcile ... ethnic
Christian ... violence
enemy ... two-edged sword
necessary ... new and better society
byond the gift economy ... better supplies ... envy ... contradictory demands ... Holy Spirit Tactics ... contradicted
They were not to hide behind termite hills, trees, etc ... nor were they to remain silent, but to sing church hymns
hide ... silent
forbidden
to kill. Nor were they allwed to aim at the foe; it was the spirits who
were to carry the bullets to the enemy and thus decide who among ...
rifles ... half ... allowed to shoot only 2 or 3 times before withdrawing ... blocked
And
although Alice fought against witchcraft and sorcery like the Christian
missionaries, she introduced a process of re-magification, thus in the
end entrenching what she combated.
They had failed because they had not managed to put an end to violence in Acholi and to build a new, better world free of evil.
also believed ... ran away as soon as they heard the Holy Spirit soldiers singing
Every time the HSMF crossed a river on the way to Kampala, it had to be ‘bought’ first
had to purchase mountains and rocks. They offered cowry shells and coins
. In the story of thejourney to Paraa, Alice and her father encountered a lamenting, injured, and unreconciled nature.
reunite nature and society ... chief ... forces of nature
not
relaly a guerrilla war like the war of liberation fought in Zimbabwe.
The Holy Spirit Mobile Forces did not fight in decentralized, more or
less independent groups; rather, Alice and the spirits led a campaign of
conquest with an army of some 7000 to 10,000 soldiers.
composition
... character ... changed ... fallen ... disappointment ... ethnic ...
social ... peasants, schoolchildren, students, teachers, and business
people ... majority for a time
lost about half in various battles
dependent ... Frontline Co-ordination Team
education ... message ... soliciting moral and material support
protocol ... guests ... prisoners of war, visitors, captured war materials ... ceremonies ... battles
donate freely, not through coercion
advanced,
a net of relationships ... flow of goods ... skimming off ... predatory
economy ... soldiers took food, weapons and women with violence ...
effectiveness
beginning ... seldom ... given ... reward
survive ... decision ... When two elephants fight, the grass suffers
further
... hostile ... unity ... new morals ... adopted 4, if not all 20, of
the Holy Spirit Safety Precautions ... forbidden to eat oil or honey,
kill bees or snakes
charms ... visited ajwaka, spirit mediums ... converted
burial rites ... useless
yards ... delegates ... chief ... centre
transport junctions
priest ... invited
staff ... briefing twice daily
office ... any visitor
court
gifts
visited
NRA
attacked Opit and destroyed ... carried stones from the temple of Opit
to Arum ... continuity ... no new temple ... person of Alice
healer and spirit medium ... soldiers ... successful ... win over some of the soldiers as followers
speak
with ... but not persuaded by her ... He said he trusted his magic
charms too much and did not want to burn them as Alice demanded, but
allowed 150 soldiers to join her
disputed ... woman ... oppressed
attack
victories ... joined
defeat greatly endangered Alice's claim to power. Doubts ...publicly
many soldiers left and returned home or rejoined the UPDA
notorious
inter-ethnic ... speeches ... equality ... reconciliation ... contradictions ... chosen
bad records in the history of Uganda, but top of the list is the Acholi. “ ”
based
unity and not ethnic
universalistic claim ... transcend ... developed ... own interpretation ... Muslims
no tribal languages, but only Kiswahili or English
alliance ... Southerners ... Bantu languages ... unable to overcome this opposition
quarrel ... old guard
disappointment ... understood ... go wherever
startled
... left ... asked Lawkena to hear them ... they apologized to him and
promised to uphold ... greeted them and warned against the effects of
tribalism ... reorganization
hard training ... riturals and purification ... they were also freed from the spirits of those they had killed
Opit ... negotiations ... various ... own leadership ... refused to fight under UPDA ... rivalries ... now emerged into the open
Kony ... He claimed to be a cousin of Alice and that the Lakwena had given him the authority to fight against the NRA
rivalry
... discouraged Kony ... healer and doctor ... insulted him ... swore
never to fight under the leadership of a woman ... bitter
rivalries ... violent form
protect the civilian population resulted in an increase in donations and in more joining
Medical care
faded ... Lakwena return ... discipline
asking his advice first
Although
Alice's power ultimately rested on force, on the power of guns, she
nonetheless tried to persuade rather than force her soldiers to do her
bidding. This was both her strength and her weakness. Since she tried to
legitimate her power and rely on persuasion, she was dependent on
success. If she won a battle, she received support, but if she lost, her
soldiers ran away. ... wane ... this found a spectrum of expression in
the speeches of the spirits, who contradicted their medium more and more
frequently. It was also expressed in internal power struggles and in
rivalry with Jimmy Opira, the Commander of Forces
Lakwena
castigated Alice ... Opira ... the two began to quarrel ... Alice said
in private talks that she would prefer Opira's deputy, a certain Alima,
who she considered more capable than the current CF. But she agreed to
tolerate Opira because Lakwena had chosen him.
unsettling
rewarded ... appointed ... big men ... good position
parade ... march ... night ... barefoot
valiant
hostile ... trust ... failures ... drums ... violence ... populace
prepared ... abandoned ... journalists ... forbidden
wounded ... exhausted ... disappointed and demoralized ... once and for all and deserted ... home
last
speech to the remaining soldiers of the HSMF ... She said killing
innocent people was an unforgivable sin ... civilian ... power ... if
victory
fled ... Kenya
The separation of politics and
religeon in Europe developed in connection with the formation of the
State and the Church as separate institutions
religious discourses
While
B treated me according to the logic of retaliation, A put an end to
precisly this mechanism of retaliation by declaring _ the party guilty
of the evil and sought to heal me without bewitching an enemy.
She
asked for payment (which greatly exceeded the present I had brought
along for her) and explained that the NRA soldiers had beaten her so
often because Alice was her daughter that she now wanted at least a
little money in compensation
possession ... crisis ... illness or insanity
to lead a war against the evil in Uganda
UPDA
soldiers had pursued him and shot at Alice, but the bullets bounced off
her in a cloud of smoke ... asked Alice to support them
disbanded UNLA
also chosen Alice because she had led a sinful life and he wanted to convert her to a righteous life
power ... helplessness ... growing ... domesticated in a process of mutual recognition ... cost of denying oneself
directed the bullets ... decided ... guilt
Alice monopolized all the spirits
said what Alice could not or would not say herself
soldiers were never really sure
spirits
would carry out the killing, guiding the bullets to the enemy. In this
way, the HSMF soliders were able to wage war without killing, ie they
were able to unite things in themselves contradictory and incompatible
because she was visible
poor leader, who can't wipe
out evils, ...
could
still claim to be fighting for labi, a just cause, the successor
movements were caught up in the logic of violence and counterviolence
and became increasingly unjust.
One fights primarily to get rich,
to lead the ‘high life,’ and to take revenge ... arbitrary or
coincidental ... changed sides (often after a defeat)
Since
current economic conditions ... are turning more and more people into
‘losers,' many see war, esp civil war, as their only possibility ... it
has become a system of production and has created a form of life which
‘normalizes’ and banalizes violence and brutality and blurs the ...
no longer willing to engage in peace negotiations ... needs the war
peaceful
resistence ... Since the war had become a lucrative business ...
officials warned the elders against initiating a peace process ...
murdered
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